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Gears are mechanical components that transmit rotation and power from one shaft to another, if each shaft possesses appropriately shaped projections (teeth) equally spaced around its circumference such that as it rotates, the successive tooth goes into the space between the teeth of the other shaft. Thus, it is a machine component in which the rotary power is transmitted by the prime mover’s tooth surface pushing the tooth surface of the driven shaft. As an extreme case, when one side is a linear motion (this can be thought as rotational motion around an infinite point), it is called a rack.

There are many ways to transmit rotation and power from one shaft to another such as by rolling friction, wrapping transmission, etc. However, in spite of a simple structure and a relatively small size, gears have many advantages such as certainty of transmission, accurate angular speed ratio, long lasting and minimal loss of power.

From small clocks and precision measuring instruments (motion transmission applications) to large gears used in marine transmission systems (power transmission applications), gears are used widely and are ranked as one of the important mechanical components along with screws and bearings.

There are many types of gears. However, the simplest and most commonly used gears are the ones used to transmit specific speed ratio between two parallel shafts at a defined distance. In particular, gears with their teeth parallel to the shafts is called spur gears are the most popular.

Gears are primarily used to transmit power, but, based on ideas, they can be utilized as machine elements in different ways. Below are introductions to some of the ways.

Grasping Mechanism
Use two spur gears of the same diameter in mesh so that when the driver gear is reversed, the driven gear is also reversed. You can obtain a working piece grasping mechanism by utilizing this motion. Work pieces of various sizes can be accommodated by adjusting the opening angle of the grasping claw resulting in a versatile grasping mechanism design.

Intermittent Motion Mechanism
There is the Geneva mechanism as an intermittent motion mechanism. However, because of need for the specialized mechanical components, it is high priced. By using the missing teeth gears, a low cost and simple intermittent mechanism can be obtained.
By missing teeth gear, we mean a gear in which any number of gear teeth have been removed from their roots. The gear which is mated to the missing teeth gear will rotate as long as it is meshed together but will stop as soon as it encounters the missing teeth section of the driving gear. However, it has the disadvantage of shifting when external force is applied while the gears are disengaged. In these cases, it is necessary to maintain its position by means such as using a friction brake.

Special Power Transmission Mechanism
By mounting a one-way clutch (a mechanism that allows rotational motion in one direction only) in one stage of a gear train of a gear speed reducer, you can create a mechanism which transmits motion in one direction but idles in reverse.
By using this mechanism, you can create a system that operates a motor when the electric power is on, but when the power is cut, it moves the output shaft by a spring force.
By internally mounting a spring (torsion coil spring or spiral spring) that winds in the rotational direction in a gear train, the speed reducer is operated as the spring is wound. Once the spring is completely wound, the motor is stopped and the electromagnetic brake built into the motor holds this position.
When the electricity is cut, the brake is released and the spring force will drive the gear in the opposite direction to when the motor was driving. This mechanism is used to close valves when the power is lost (emergency) and is called “spring return type emergency shutoff valve”.